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| Note: Kontext 13 is being rewritten to reflect the recent adoption of the Euro (€) in most of Europe, and the spread of electronic banking. Much of its vocabulary and all of its structures remain, however. |
1 Modal verbs and word order: think of "bookends."
The modal verb occupies the basic verb position, so in a simple sentence it will appear near the beginning. The verb related to the modal occurs at the end.
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2 Grammatical "objects"the subject's actions affect them directly or indirectly.
Pronouns show the difference clearly, in both German and English.
Here is a fuller version of the pronoun system for the kind of object called an "indirect object:"
pronoun
(subject) |
verb + subject of sentence |
pronoun
(indirect object) |
direct object |
| ich |
Bringen Sie
|
mir |
ein Messer. |
| Sie |
Ich bringe
|
Ihnen |
| er |
Bringen Sie
|
ihm |
| sie (she) |
Bringen Sie
|
ihr |
Here us a fuller version of the pronoun system for the kind of object called a "direct object:"
pronoun
(subject) |
verb + subject of sentence |
pronoun
(direct object) |
rest of sentence |
| ich |
Sie verstehen
|
mich |
sehr gut. |
| Sie |
Ich verstehe
|
Sie |
| er |
Sie verstehen
|
ihn |
| sie (she) |
Ich verstehe
|
sie |
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3 Ending on words like d- (der / die / das), dies-, ein-, mein-, kein-, Ihr-, and unser- also mark objects (and subjects) in German.
For direct objects, -en marks the "der" ("masculine") nouns for the words just now listed, just as the difference between ihn and er marks the "masculine' pronoun:
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